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in the field. Reference lists of relevant articles
were reviewed to identify further studies.
72 Richardson et al. Vol. 31 No. 1 January 2006
Filtering
Potential research articles were noted for retrieval
and given a preliminary ‘study type’ categorization
according to a flow-chart system
developed for this project. The basic study type
categories included systematic reviews, randomized
controlled trials, controlled clinical
trials, uncontrolled studies, case reports, qualitative
studies, and surveys. Animal research
and basic laboratory-based research were not
included in the categorization process. Two reviewers
carried out this process independently,
notes were compared, and in cases of disagreement,
these articles were also retrieved.
Inclusion Criteria
Types of studies
. Relevant systematic reviews
and controlled clinical trials that included outcome
measures for pain were selected. No language
restrictions were imposed at the search
and filtering stages.
Types of participants
. Pediatric patients with
a primary diagnosis of cancer undergoing
painful and invasive treatment-related procedures
(LP, venipuncture, and BMA) were
selected.
Types of intervention
. Hypnosis was used as