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some methodological limitations including
small underpowered sample sizes and a lack
of reporting of the method of randomization,
concealment of allocation, and blinding of
assessors. In addition, minor omissions in reporting
in some papers included a lack of
reporting of sampling and recruitment methods
and nonreporting of the reasons for why
participants were lost to follow-up and of cointerventions
and compliance. Inadequate reporting
of the duration, content, and context
of the hypnosis session (whether suggestions
were age appropriate, session duration, rapport,
whether parents were present) in some
studies presents a challenge for study replication
and comparison between interventions.
Outcome Measures
Outcomes for pain and anxiety included
both self- and observer-reported measures, typically
on a rating scale. In reviewing outcome
measures, Liossi
5(p53)
suggests that there is
much support for the clinical utility and validity
of these rating scales in pediatric patient
groups. Studies also included observations of
procedure-related behavioral distress using
multidimensional checklists or scales.
15,17,33,34
However, the differences between patientand
observer-reported outcomes for pain and
distress levels in the study by Katz et al.
36
highlight