Basic HTML Version
PBCL
ј
Procedure Behavior Checklist; PBRS-R
ј
Procedure Behavior Rating Scale-Revised; SHCL
ј
Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale for Children;
OSBD-R
ј
Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised;
CGRS
ј
Children’s Global Rating Scale (pain/anxiety); STAI
ј
State Trait Anxiety Inventory; A.T.
ј
autogenic training.
a
Direct suggestions included, for example, ‘‘imagine injecting a local anesthetic into your back.’’
b
Indirect suggestions included metaphors, for example, ‘‘imagine the colors of the setting sun . tranquility is available to you whenever you need it..’’
To summarize, hypnosis has been compared
with a number of different cognitive-behavioral
interventions, with groups receiving nonhypnotic
therapist attention, and to standard care
controls. Positive results have been observed
for hypnosis as compared to therapist attention
and no-treatment controls for the reduction
of procedure-related pain and distress.
15
Both direct and indirect hypnotic suggestions
were shown to have advantage over controls.
33
Where hypnosis has been compared with nondirected
play
36
or to cognitive distraction or
coping skills,
17,34,35,37,38
results were less consistent
with no clear differences in benefit between
the interventions.
17
Nevertheless, both
intervention arms showed increased symptom
reduction beyond controls.
35,37
Some variation
in results was found due to the age of the
child
35
and the extent of hypnotizability.
34
Changing from therapist-directed to self-hypnosis
15
resulted in a diminished therapeutic effect.
None of the studies reported adverse
effects due to the hypnotherapy.
Discussion
Studies reported in this review suffered from