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than their own baseline recordings. There were
no significant differences reported on therapy
efficacy between the hypnosis and CBT group,
however, children in the CBT group reported
more self-reported anxiety and observed distress
than those in the hypnosis group. Level
of hypnotizability was correlated with level of effect
in the hypnosis group. Interrater reliability
checks for procedural distress strengthened the
findings of this study. Methodological limitations
included no reporting of method of randomization
and small underpowered samples.
Hawkins et al.
33
randomized 30 pediatric
cancer patients who were undergoing LPs to receive
either direct or indirect hypnotic suggestions.
A statistically significant reduction
compared with baseline levels for self- and observer-
reported pain was found. No statistically
significant differences in outcomes were reported
between the two different forms/styles
of hypnosis. In the absence of a no-treatment
or therapist attention control group, no firm
conclusions on efficacy can be made for this
study. Further methodological limitations include
a small sample size, unknown method
of randomization, and duration of therapy
sessions.
Smith et al.
34
compared the effect of a hypnotic
intervention to distraction in 36 children