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360
G.J. HYMAN et al.
Table 3. Mean smoking rate (cig/day),
standard deviations
and number of subjects at the follow-up periods
Follow-up
Periods
Focussed
Attention
Hypnosis
Smoking
Placebo
x
sd
n
R
sd
n
E
sd
n
F
Post
4.8
9.2
15
8.3
11.5
15
6.1
9.0
1s
0.47 ns
Three Months
15.2
14.8
15
14.5
17.1
14
13.5
13.3
15
0.05 ns
Six Months
14.1
13.6
14
15.6
15.0
12
11.1
13.5
13
0.34 ns
ns = not significant
shows the percentage smoking abstinence by the three treatment groups. The no-treat-
ment control group was not included as there were no abstainers at any of the pre- or
posttreatment phases.
Changes in consumption rate
The mean smoking rates (in cigarettes per day) directly after treatment and at the
follow-up periods are presented in Table 3 for the three groups (hypnosis, focussed
smoking and attention placebo). No significant differences were found between the
groups at any of the follow-up periods (ANOVA).
The Control group was compared with the three treatment groups at the 3-month
follow-up. Using ANOVA, a significant difference between groups was found (F(3.55) =
4.40
p <
0.01). Using Dunnett’s test for comparisons of experimental groups with a
control group (Winer, 1971), the results indicate all experimental groups differed sig-
nificantly from the control group on this measure (Table 4).
Thiocyanate levels at follow-up
Figures 2-5 given the baseline and 3-month thiocyanate levels, in micromoles per
litre, for each group. Thiocyanate levels were not available for subject 12 in the hyp-
nosis group or for subjects 13 and 15 in the waiting list control group due to their hav-
ing a needle phobia.
It can be seen from these figures that most smokers who ceased smoking dramatically
reduced their thiocyanate levels. In contrast, subjects 9 and 10 in the focussed smoking
group showed a reduction in their thiocyanate levels but were still smoking. Both these
subjects had previously smoked heavily, but at the time of the 3-month follow-up had
reduced this to approximately one cigarette every 4 days.
Table 4. Comparison
of the experimental
groups vs. the
control group using Dunnett’s test at the three-month
follow-up.
Hypnosis
(15.3)
Focussed
Attention
Smoking
Placebo
(14.5)
(13.5)
Control (29.5)
2.78’
2.94”’
3.13**
( ) mean smoking rate
‘p < 0.05
l
*p<
0.01