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sessions (to control for therapist time and attention).
Children in both the hypnosis group
and play group demonstrated significant decreases
in self-reported measures of pain and
fear from baseline to postintervention BMAs
with no major statistical differences between
groups. No significant main effects or interactions
were found on repeated observer measures.
Girls exhibited more distress behavior
than boys. Approximately half the children underwent
LP procedures after the BMAs. This
study had a small sample size and unknown
method of randomization, blinding, analysis
of loss to follow-up, or compliance.
Zeltzer and LeBaron
37
randomized 33 patients
(aged 6--17) undergoing BMA or LP to
receive either hypnosis (individualized imagery,
fantasy, and storytelling) or to a control
group (behavioral distraction and deep breathing
exercises). Mean pain ratings were significantly
higher for BMAs than for LPs. During
BMA, pain was reduced to a large extent by
hypnosis and to a smaller but significant extent
by distraction. Anxiety was significantly reduced
by hypnosis but not distraction. During
LP, hypnosis but not distraction technique
showed a statistically significant reduction in
pain. The comparison of pain and anxiety outcomes
between patients undergoing BMAs and