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274
EITAN G. ABRAMOWITZ ET AL.
follow-up 1 month later; a mean of 31.5 (
SD
= 9.9). There was a significant
interaction between the treatment type (HT versus ZT) and the different
assessments (pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up),
F
(2, 60) = 30.59,
p
< .0005. Table 1 demonstrates the more pronounced
response for the HT group.
Stress Reactions
IES scores were similar in both treatment groups. A significant main
effect for the assessment time was found,
F
(1.4, 43.3) = 16.24;
p
< .0005.
Stress reactions reduced from a mean of 50.5 (
SD
= 12.5) at pretreat-
ment to a mean of 44.9 (
SD
= 12.2) posttreatment, and a mean of 43.9
(
SD
= 13.3) at 1-month follow-up. There was also an interaction
between the treatment type and the assessment time,
F
(1.4, 43.3) = 11.2;
p
< .0005, indicating that intrusion and avoidance reactions decreased
in the HT group but not in the ZT group (see Table 2).
Depression
Equal levels of depression were found in both treatment groups.
Looking at the effect at different time points, there was a significant
main effect of the assessment time,
F
(1.5, 45.5) = 17.9;
p
< .0005. The
depression scores reduced from a mean of 14.6 (
SD
= 6.7) at pretreat-
ment to a mean of 12.5 (
SD
= 6.8) posttreatment, and a mean of 12.2
(
SD
= 7.1) at 1-month follow-up. An interaction was found between the
treatment type (HT versus ZT) and the different assessments (pretreat-
ment, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up),
F
(1.5, 45.5) = 16.5,
p
< .0005.
As Table 1 shows, responding for HT was more pronounced than
for ZT.
Sleep Variables
Total sleep time
. Total sleep time was identical for both treatment
groups. A significant main effect was also found for the assessment
time,
F
(2, 60) = 23.4;
p
< .0005. Sleep improved between the first and
second assessment and maintained the same level at the third assess-
ment. Treatment efficacy for both groups was similar (i.e., a Treatment
×
Assessment time interaction was not found).
Quality of sleep.
Quality of sleep was higher in the HT group com-
pared to the ZT group,
F
(1, 30) = 10.7;
p
= .003, and was improved from
the first to the second assessment,
F
(2, 60) =24.2;
p
< .0005. In addition,
sleep quality significantly improved in the HT group in comparison to
the ZT group,
F
(2, 60) = 30.9,
p
< .0005.
Number of awakenings.
Awakenings were identical for both treat-
ment groups. The number of awakenings decreased from the first to
the second assessment time,
F
(1.6, 46.5) = 13.5,
p
< .0005. Awakenings
decreased more pronouncedly in the HT group than in the ZT group,
F
(1.6, 46.5) = 6.7,
p
= .006.
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